Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the are able to consume and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified protein lipid content in sludge substrates, leading growth enhancement. addition, weight also influenced yield fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, optimum ratio PKE had be determined excess could become a threat by contributing reduction non-fiber carbohydrates feed, thereby resulting decrease FAME content. work, 2:3 proffered highest gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, proportion 3:2 was provide 17 1.77%. Furthermore, profile revealed presence significant amount saturated monosaturated acids, indicating good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with utilized producing high further improvement on should investigated.